It seems for the last couple of years as though we’ve been constantly running in crisis mode. To put it mildly, the worldwide economic situation got out of control 2-3 years ago and it doesn’t show signs of improving soon. Uncertainty abounds, fingers are pointed in every direction, and many of us feel powerless to do anything but wait and worry.

“What? Me worry?”
Alfred E. Newman

Crisis Management Is a Response…

The economic crisis has occurred and whether it was through our fault or not, we have to get it under control and fix it quickly as possible — that’s what crisis management is. Depending on the nature and extent of a problem, it may take considerable resources to fix. As we’ve seen, our current economic crisis has used up an enormous amount of resources and promises to swallow up many more before we even come close to a solution.

Unfortunately, it looks like many companies — but especially small-to-medium businesses – will simply have to do their best to ride out the economic storm. Too much is beyond their knowledge or control.

…Whereas Risk Management Is Strategic

Many people have laid the lion’s share of the blame for the economic crisis on the financial sector, or on government policies. Certainly they weren’t the only causes, however. Companies in every sector took unnecessary risks and didn’t implement a system of effective controls and oversight. Good risk management practices existed but they weren’t followed.

Risk management consists of identifying potential threats, assessing their likelihood and their impact (if they were to occur), and taking the necessary steps to eliminate or minimize risks. There are risks we’ll always be powerless to avoid or control (severe weather, earthquake, etc.), but we can cope with them — and many others — better simply by implementing effective risk management systems.

Management Philosophy

There is a management philosophy, mirrored by ISO 9001, that merely correcting a problem isn’t as good as identifying its root cause and taking steps to make sure the problem doesn’t recur. That’s called “taking corrective action“.

That philosophy also says that making sure a problem doesn’t happen again isn’t as good as preventing it from happening in the first place (aka, “preventive action“). It follows, then, that risk management is markedly preferable to crisis management. This is not to say you shouldn’t prepare to manage crises (after all, the best-laid risk management plans aren’t going to prevent every crisis…like they say, “Stuff happens”) but that crisis management should be your fall-back position.

Comments, anyone?

Policies and procedures provide the framework and direction for addressing many common business problems your organization might face.  Let’s look at the top ten business problems solved by Policies and Procedures.

1. Accounts Receivable procedures to reduce accounts receivable (A/R) aging and ensure even cash flow.  Every company needs Strategies for Writing Accounts Receivable Procedures.  Your accounts receivable process is the heart of your cash cycle.  Salespeople can find plenty of customers but without cash-paying customers, you can’t pay your bills, which is part of your Strategies for Writing Accounts Payable Procedures.

2. Sales procedures to standardize sales pipeline management and ensure a consistent sales pipeline.  Sales procedures allow you to take control of the sales and marketing cycle.  Developing measurements, sales assignments, and target markets are all important elements of your sales process.

3. Disaster Recovery procedures will assist in an orderly and timely response to emergencies your company may face, as well as control the inevitable chaos that occurs.  Every company needs to effectively respond to disasters or emergencies in a timely manner; if not, they could be out of business.  In recent months, we’ve had ample opportunity to learn the lessons of the Gulf oil disaster, such as “having a disaster recovery plan before the need arises”.

4. Human Resources procedures ensure non-discriminatory practices; specifically, well-defined employee hiring and termination practices will help you avoid costly litigation.  Human resources procedures address diverse topics such as recruiting, hiring, training, retention, termination, and — most importantly –complying with local, state, Federal, and even international employment laws.

5. Quality procedures (nonconformance, corrective action, and auditing) improve product and process quality.  The ISO 9001 quality standard addresses quality control, quality assurance, and quality management practices.  Learning how to meet quality standards with ISO 9001 will help your organization reduce costly rework and overtime, thereby improving quality, satisfying customers, and contributing to your competitive advantages.

6. Customer communications procedures, like collecting data from customer feedback and complaint handling for process improvement.  ”Poor customer communication” is the root cause of much customer dissatisfaction.  If you know what your target customer wants, your business has all the information it needs to satisfy the customer. Implementing communication procedures will help you act on your customers’ wants, improving sales.

7. Shipping and receiving procedures are needed to track materials purchased and sold.  Most of shipping and receiving revolves around inventory or assets, which requires processes for handling, inventory management, asset acquisition, and asset disposition.  Specific supplier requirements — and the policies and procedures that flow from them — ensure that you receive what you want, when you want it, in the quantity you want, and with quality built in.

8. Management procedures can improve poor meetings, poor internal communications, and poor reporting.  Management is really about communication — that’s why improving internal communication benefits the whole company.  One of the best ways to improve communications is to develop, document, implement, and monitor a procedure for communications.

Also, it’s important that management shows its commitment to the highest standards, whether those standards have to do with internal processes or processes that directly involve your customers.

9. You also need compliance procedures to ensure your company conforms to the requirements of various regulations, statutes, and standards.  This is where policies and procedures can help your organization.  Compliance is one of the primary problems solved with policies and procedures.

10. Accounting procedures ensure that you fulfill your fiduciary responsibility to your shareholders.  Accounting is a process to track transactions of items, cash, and information.  Accounting procedures help to ensure consistency, reliability, and accuracy of those transactions, which (in turn) helps to build trust in your financial statements.  What Are the Top Ten Accounting Policies and Procedures?

Prewritten policies and procedures from Bizmanualz help solve many of these common business problems.  The Top Ten Core Business Policies and Procedures you will need can be found in the Bizmanualz CEO Company Policies Procedures Manuals bundle.

Top 10 Business Problems Solved by Policies and Procedures

1. Accounts Receivable procedures, to reduce A/R aging and ensure even cash flow.
2. Sales procedures, to standardize sales pipeline management to ensure consistent sales.
3. Disaster Recovery procedures, to control the response to chaos in an emergency.
4. Human Resources procedures, to ensure non-discriminatory employee hiring and termination.
5. Quality procedures, to improve quality.
6. Customer communications procedures, to collect data from feedback and complaint handling for process improvement.
7. Shipping and receiving procedures, to track materials purchased and sold.
8. Management procedures to improve poor meetings, communications, and reporting.
9. Compliance procedures to conform to regulations, standards, and laws.
10. Accounting procedures, to fulfill your fiduciary responsibility to your shareholders.

What do you think? How quickly could your most urgent problems be solved by implementing effective policies and procedures?

Does your organization talk about quality? Does it put quality concepts into practice in every aspect of the business, from design and development to product delivery? Is your firm practicing quality from top to bottom, from the chief executive to your newest hires?

Commitment to quality starts at the top and flows from there throughout the organization. Whether management is sold on the notion of “quality in everything we do” or they’re not, the rest of the company follows suit. Here are ten indicators that your company’s top management is making the quality commitment:

1. You have a quality budget for Corrective and Preventive Action, Training, and Internal Audits. If management puts money on the table, they’re obviously committed to quality.  Quality requires a budget to prevent problems from occurring and recurring.  Quality requires training.  And Quality requires gentle prodding from internal audits, to ensure the quality system is continuously improving, not stagnating.

2. You’re allowed to use the quality budget for Corrective and Preventive Action, Training, and Internal Audits. Having a monetary budget for Quality is great but if you can’t use it because there are too many orders that need to get out or there are never enough worker-hours to work on Quality, do you really have a budget for Quality? Don’t forget — time has to be budgeted, too.

3. You track the cost of quality in your budgeting process. Your cost of quality includes scrap, defects, rework, corrective actions, preventive actions, quality training, audits, management reviews, lost business due to customer complaints (i.e., returns), warranty claims, and other such “quality” costs.  If you’re actively tracking and comparing your cost of quality to your revenues, expenses, and profits, you’re displaying a keen sense of what quality means to your business.

4. Top management actively participates in your regular (weekly/monthly) management reviews. Quality management reviews are critical to management’s understanding of the future of the business.  Top management’s attendance demonstrates that the future of the business is important to it and the results of management reviews are a valuable input to management’s strategic direction and execution.

5. Quality management participates in regular (weekly/monthly) management meetings, planning sessions, and decision processes. Quality management’s attendance at the management meetings demonstrates that input from quality is important.  Can your company expand, add new products, contract, cut costs, or implement strategic actions without understanding how it may impact the operation’s quality?  Cross-functional teams at all levels provide an early warning to management that improves the execution of your plans.

6. Quality management reports directly to top management. Quality management’s input is vital to strategic execution and requires that quality management be a peer (equal) at the top management level.  Quality management needs to attend critical meetings, needs resources to act on Quality issues, needs to act across the organization chart, and needs the active support of top management for quality success.  Can you really achieve high levels of quality by delegating quality to lower levels of the organization’s management?

7. Top management champions quality, communicates it, and understands its bottom line impact. In order for top management to appoint a quality manager at the top management level, that quality manager has to have a budget and has to interact with all other departments. To ensure the future of the business is secure, top management needs to understand how quality impacts the company and it needs to communicate that impact to the entire organization.  Quality takes discipline and only top management can instill the discipline required for success.

8. Management’s strategic plan includes quality milestones. The road to quality takes time measured in years.  Top management can communicate its commitment to quality through the successive achievement of quality awards over the years (e.g., ISO 9001, Shingo, state Quality awards, Baldrige).  I have seen one organization that, after winning Baldrige, required its individual operating units to all go for Baldrige.  Top management can keep on the continuous improvement road by driving quality milestones deeper into the organization.

9. Management allows people to fail, make mistakes, experiment, and improve without serious repercussion. Improvement is really about failure. If you’re allowed to fail, you can learn from your mistakes. Conversely, if you’re not allowed to make mistakes, you’re being deprived of learning and growth opportunities.

Without learning, there is no quality.  When top management allows people to fail, they allow people to learn and grow.  Fire people for failure and people will stop reporting failures…and they will stop learning, too.

10. Quality is implemented as a strategic requirement to build competitive advantage, not as a customer requirement to qualify for new business. A committed top management is focused on quality because it represents improvement, being better than others, and the future.  If a customer has to ask you for proof of quality, do you have a problem?  Even worse, if you only implement quality because the customer asks and not because you want to, then do you really have quality?  Committed top management doesn’t wait for customers to ask for quality — they integrate quality into their strategy.

Top Ten Signs of Management’s Commitment to Quality

1. You have a quality budget for Corrective and Preventive Action, Training, and Internal Audits.
2. You’re allowed to use the quality budget for Corrective and Preventive Action, Training, and Internal Audits.
3. You track the cost of quality in your budgeting process.
4. Top management actively participates in regular management reviews.
5. Quality management participates in regular management meetings, planning sessions, and decision processes.
6. Quality management reports directly to top management.
7. Top management champions quality, communicates it, and understands its impact.
8. Management’s strategic plan includes quality milestones.
9. Management allows people to fail, make mistakes, experiment, and improve.
10. Quality is implemented as a strategic requirement to build competitive advantage.

Your thoughts?

The “Deepwater Horizon” disaster, unfolding in the Gulf of Mexico over the last three weeks, should serve as an object lesson in how NOT to manage a crisis. Here are just a few of the ways in which British Petroleum (BP) and its contractors made a bad situation infinitely worse:

1. You have to have a contingency plan. Whether through willful disregard or naked ignorance, it’s apparent that BP and its subcontractors, as well as the federal government, weren’t ready from the outset to handle the oil rig disaster. Compared with the final tally, which we won’t know until decades from now, the cost to prepare for a worst-case scenario would’ve been microscopic.  Good risk management would’ve helped, too.

2. Someone has to take responsibility. It’s one thing to say something went wrong but you won’t know what for sure until all the results are in. It’s another thing altogether to immediately start pointing the finger of blame at everyone else, as oil executives did before the US Senate in recent weeks. Who made the final decision to undertake the project? Who made the decisions to “do this” and “don’t do that”?  ISO 9001, as well as sound ethics and common sense, dictates that someone at the top must be responsible.

3. Quality is not an inconvenience. The Minerals Management Service (MMS) was not conducting monthly safety testing on the Deepwater Horizon in accordance with federal law. Furthermore, the MMS has reportedly granted drilling permits there and elsewhere without adequate environmental safety reviews.

The most important piece of safety equipment, the blowout preventer, was said to have been damaged weeks before the fateful explosion but not repaired or replaced. Countless other shortcuts were allegedly taken for the sake of time and money.

The sad part is that the parties involved – especially BP – could have easily afforded to take their time and do things right. (The oil business has been hugely profitable over the last five years, right? Well, what have they done with the record profits they earned?)

We all see the price to be paid for haste and carelessness. We can’t afford it.

* * * * * * *

Further Reading:

• Blowout: the Deepwater Horizon Disaster, CBS News, May 16, 2010 – http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/05/16/60minutes/main6490197.shtml
• Rig Explosion: the Blame Game Begins at Senate Hearing, Associated Press, May 11, 2010 – http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/deepwaterhorizon/6999804.html

Here are ten great reasons to attend the ASQ World Conference on Quality and Improvement, coming to St. Louis, Missouri, this May:

1. Bizmanualz will be there! Look for our booth, where we’ll be showing off our new policies and procedures management software.

2. One of the strongest ASQ sections (#1304) in the country is here. Any of our knowledgeable and personable members will be more than happy to assist you while you’re here.

3. The largest gathering of quality professionals in one place means a myriad of opportunities for exchanging quality information and ideas.  A wise dude once said, “Ideas flourish best in the light of day.”

4. There will be dozens of quality training opportunities. Register early for a seminar…or two…or more!

5. The ASQ World Conference on Quality and Improvement takes place in late May. That’s generally one of the best times of year — weatherwise — in St. Louis, though as someone once said about St. Louis weather, “If you don’t like (it), wait a while…it’ll change.”

6. St. Louis is home to Ted Drewes Frozen Custard, Crown Candy Kitchen, Forest Park (one of the largest city parks in the nation), and the St. Louis Cardinals.

7. Arm+Leg > Cost of Parking. Same goes for the cost of meals, lodging, entertainment, and just about anything else you can think of.

8. The Cardinals aren’t in town (they’ll be in San Diego), so you’ll be spared the huge crowds. On the other hand, you’ll miss the game-day sea of red shirts and caps that washes into downtown. (More than awe-inspiring, it’s scary!)

9. Quality speakers like:

• Alan Mulally, Ford CEO;
• Robert Stephens, “Geek Squad” founder; and
• Terry Jones, founder of Travelocity.

10. First one to register for the Quality Conference after March 24 AND send me their proof of registration gets me as a guide for the evening of May 24. (We’ll work out the details.)

There are many, many more outstanding reasons to be here! Don’t miss this event! The World Conference on Quality and Improvement is only two months away, so make your plans!

See you in St. Louis!

What’s in most organizations’ quality tool boxes?  Ask a quality manager and they will cite you a host of examples, such as:

• Affinity diagrams
• The balanced scorecard
• Control charts
• Ishikawa, or fishbone, diagrams
• Flowcharts
• Regression analysis
• Workflow diagrams
• House of Quality

If you ask 100 quality managers, “Which tool is most important?”, you’re liable to get considerably more than 100 answers.  A sizable percentage will probably say, “It depends”, and if you were to limit the discussion to quality tools like the ones above, that might be true.  How many quality managers do you suppose would cite “the ability to communicate” as the single most important tool?

“What we got here is…failure to communicate.”
(Captain, Road Prison 36, “Cool Hand Luke”)

Think about it.  When projects don’t work, everyone has his or her theories and opinions, most of them outwardly directed.  “They did this”, or “they didn’t do that”, or “somebody dropped the ball.”

However, if they all got together to conduct a root cause analysis, they might come to the realization that theirs was a collective failure.  Maybe they didn’t speak up, and maybe they spoke too much.  They definitely didn’t listen — 98% of communicating is listening.

They didn’t take the time to verify that everyone understood everyone else, that they were all in agreement, and that the project couldn’t go forward if they weren’t.  Effective communication is an integral part of any project’s fabric.  Of all the tools you could use to plan, develop, test, and implement a project, communication is the one tool you have to have in your toolbox, and you don’t want to keep it in the box.  You have to have it out, and you have to be using it constantly.  Other tools have their place in a project but communication’s place is every place and every moment.

When projects work, it is because communication is effective, and communication is effective when it is in continuous use.  Communication is unlike any other business tool — it won’t wear out with use.  It only gets better!  And, by communicating effectively — and continuously — you will find your projects will get better, too.

Many prominent figures have emerged within the quality field, but some have stood out as key figures of quality.  Most have passed away, but their memory still lives on in the ideas, concepts, and methods that permeate our quality thinking today.  In no particular order, they are:

• Dr. Walter Shewhart developed the Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) cycle (known as “Plan-Do-Study-Act” in some circles, as well as theories of process control and the Shewart transformation process.
• Dr. W. Edwards Deming developed his complete philosophy of management, which he encapsulated into his “fourteen points” and the “seven deadly diseases of management”.  He advanced the state of quality, originally based on work done by Shewhart with his explanations of variation, use of control charts, and his theories on knowledge, psychology and variation.  Deming greatly helped to focus the responsibility of quality on management and popularized the PDCA cycle, which led to it being referred to as the “Deming Cycle”.
• Dr. Joseph M. Juran developed the quality trilogy – quality planning, quality improvement, and quality control.  Quality management plans quality improvements that raise the level of performance, which then must be controlled or sustained at that level in order to start the cycle again.
• Armand V. Feigenbaum developed the idea of total quality control based on three steps to quality consisting of quality leadership, modern quality technology, and an organizational commitment to quality.
• Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa developed the Ishikawa diagram and was known for popularizing the seven basic tools of quality and the philosophy of total quality.
• Dr. Genichi Taguchi developed the “Taguchi methodology” of robust design, also known as “designing in quality”, which focused on making the design less sensitive to variation in the manufacturing process instead of trying to control manufacturing variation.
• Shigeo Shingo developed lean concepts such as Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) or reduced set-up times instead of increased batch sizes as well as Poka-Yoke (mistake proofing) to eliminate obvious opportunities for mistakes.  He also worked with Taiichi Ohno to refine Just-In-Time (JIT) manufacturing into an integrated manufacturing strategy, which is widely used to define the lean manufacturing used in the Toyota production system (TPS).
• Philip B. Crosby developed the idea of “quality is free” which asserts that implementing quality improvement pays for itself through the savings from the improvement, increased revenue from greater customer satisfaction, and the improved competitive advantage that results. His popularized “zero defects” to define the goal of a quality program as the elimination of all defects and not the reduction of defects to an acceptable quality level.
• Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt developed the Theory of Constraints which focuses on a single element in a process chain as having the greatest leverage for improvement (i.e., “1% can have a 99% impact”). This compares to the Pareto principle which states that 20% of the factors have an 80% effect on the process.
• Taiichi Ohno developed the seven wastes (muda), which are used in lean to describe non-value-added activity. He developed various manufacturing improvements with Shigeo Shingo that evolved into the Toyota Production System.

Top Ten Quality Gurus

1. Dr. Walter Shewhart
2. Dr. W. Edwards Deming
3. Dr. Joseph M. Juran
4. Armand V. Feigenbaum
5. Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa
6. Dr. Genichi Taguchi
7. Shigeo Shingo
8. Philip B. Crosby
9. Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt
10. Taiichi Ohno

There are seven common Quality Tools you can use to understand and improve processes during a process improvement event.   Each tool helps you identify sources of variation and aids in the analysis, documentation, and organization of the information, which leads to process improvement. 

1. Flowcharts, or Process Maps, visually represent relationships among the activities and tasks that make up a process.   They are typically used at the beginning of a process improvement event; you describe process events, timing, and frequencies at the highest level and work downward.  At high levels, process maps help you understand process complexity.  At lower levels, they help you analyze and improve the process.
2. Ishikawa, Fishbone, or Cause & Effect Diagrams visually represent the causes of a problem – or effect – and help you determine the ultimate source of the problem — the root cause.  (This tool is called a “fishbone” diagram because of its appearance; Ishikawa was its inventor.)   The cause-and-effect diagram is used at the beginning of root cause analysis, to organize the causes of a problem (people, methods, equipment, materials, measurement, and environment) and prioritize them.
3. Data Checklists, check sheets, or recording tables are matrices designed to assist in the tallying, recording, and analysis of test results or event occurrences.  They are utilized in production to count defects and collect process data, which you analyze to identify opportunities for improvement.
4. The Pareto chart is named after Vilfredo Pareto, who came up with the Pareto Principle (or the “80/20 rule”), which says that 20% of the factors account for 80% of potential problems.  The Pareto chart ranks defects, causes, or data from the most significant to the least significant, in descending order.  Pareto charts help you separate the “vital few” from the “trivial many”.  They are typically used during process improvement analysis, to understand where to focus improvement for the greatest impact.
5. Histograms consist of vertical bars, side-by-side, that depict frequency distributions within tables of numbers and can help you understand data relationships over time (e.g., the familiar “bell curve”).  Histograms are generally used during process improvement analysis.
6. Scatter charts display relationships between dependent (predicted) and independent (prediction) variables.  They are used during hypothesis testing, to determine if there is a correlation between two variables and how strong the correlation is.  Less scattering indicates stronger correlation.
7. The control chart is a type of statistical process control tool.  Process performance is plotted over time against upper and lower control limits; this helps you readily identify process variations and enables determination of special cause and common cause variation.  Control charts are used during production, or after process improvement implementations, to ensure that processes are within control limits, or “in control”.

To achieve the best results, start by (1) drawing up a process map, so you understand the process flow.  Next, (2) analyze the process flows for the primary causes of problems and develop your cause-effect diagram.  Then, (3) collect data using check sheets and (4) plot your data using a Pareto chart and/or (5) a histogram.  Next, (6) determine the relationship of various variables in your cause-effect chain using a scatter chart.  Once you have solved your problem, (7) use a control chart to ensure that the process is staying within process control limits — demonstrate process control.

The Seven Quality Tools

To summarize, using these seven quality tools:

1. Flowcharts or Process Maps;
2. Ishikawa, Fishbone, or Cause & Effect Diagrams;
3. Data Checklists, check sheets, or recording tables;
4. Pareto Charts;
5. Histograms;
6. Scatter plots; and
7. Control Charts (SPC)…

…especially in combination, will help you improve your processes and achieve your objectives.

Process improvement is occurring at many organizations throughout the world.  Yet people constantly ask about how to get started.  How do you get your organization moving in a direction of continuous improvement?

First off, you have to have Management Commitment.  The obvious question, then, is how does top management show commitment to change and improvement? The answer is about inspirational leadership, it is about communication.  To be an inspirational leader, one needs to be a great communicator.  Management commitment takes both leadership and communication.

Second, it takes SMART Objectives.  Planning by management must result in clearly defined objectives that the organization can work towards.

Third, in order to achieve the SMART objectives, the organization will require operational Action Plans with accountability and responsibility for each action.  This means the Who-What-When is spelled out for proper execution.

Fourth, you will need a User Focus.  Defined customer requirements, an understanding of the voice-of-the-customer — your customer, and a method of constantly integrating your customer’s requirements into your processes.

Fifth, there has to be Profound Knowledge, which results in your ability to anticipate results.  Really understanding your customer, your markets, and your processes lead you to anticipating what your customer needs next.  How do you reach this state?

Sixth, you will need to learn and implement Management By Fact, which will lead you to profound knowledge.  Collect the facts from data, use the data to derive information, and obtain knowledge about your customers, markets and processes.

Seventh, in order to manage by fact, you will need the facts in the form of Real-Time Data.  Your processes will require increased visibility and transparency.  Real time data is needed to build a strong competitive advantage.  The longer the delay in getting data, the slower your reaction time is and the less competitive you become.

Eighth, with so much going on you will need a good Change Management System that can document and control all of these changes.  This will build on your system of management by fact and lead you to greater profound knowledge.

Ninth, Execution Audits, internal audits or process audits.  Either way you will require a system of monitoring to ensure that the system is working, that your change management system is effective, and that you are in fact achieving progress towards your SMART objectives.

Tenth, still unsure of where to start?  Then Continuous Learning is needed to build your knowledge management.  No improvement will take place unless knowledge is identified, acquired, shared, and used.  Training, learning and practice are crucial to build competence.

What are these Performance Improvement Drivers?

1. Management Commitment (Leadership & Communication)
2. SMART Objectives (Goals)
3. Action Plans (Accountability, Who-What-When)
4. User Focus (Customer, Employee, Supplier)
5. Profound Knowledge (Anticipates Results)
6. Management By Fact (Data, Information Knowledge))
7. Real-Time Data (Visibility)
8. Change Management System (Documentation & Control)
9. Execution Audits (Monitoring)
10. Continuous Learning (Improvement)

The Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) is becoming an international standard for describing the best practices for IT Service Management.  Just like with ISO 9000, the standard evolved out of efforts by the UK government during the 1980′s to model successful organizations and their IT service management approach.  Version 3 was released in 2007 and takes a more circular or complete cycle approach than its predecessors, just as ISO 9000 has evolved into a more dynamic, process-based approach.  The two have much in common and can be used side-by-side.

The core disciplines of ITIL V2 used to focus on “what” Service Support and Service Delivery should be done.  Ten processes tightly defined ITIL V2 around some of the main operational elements of running IT services.

 The Ten Original ITIL V2 Processes:

1. Finance Management
2. Availability Management
3. Capacity Management
4. IT Service Continuity Management
5. Service Level Management
6. Change Management
7. Service Asset & Configuration Management
8. Release & Deployment Management
9. Incident Management
10. Problem Management

ITIL V3 Processes expanded the original ten processes into 27 processes organized into five core areas or books: Service Strategy, Service Design, Service Transition, Service Operations, and Continual Service Improvement Processes.  The intent is to explain “how” more than just the “what” based approach of V2. 

1. Service Strategy
   1. Service Portfolio Management
   2. Demand Management
   3. Finance Management (V2)
2. Service Design
   1. Availability Management (V2)
   2. Capacity Management (V2)
   3. IT Service Continuity Management (V2)
   4. Service Level Management (V2)
   5. Information Security Management
   6. Supplier Management
   7. Service Catalog Management
3. Service Transition
   1. Change Management (V2)
   2. Service Asset & Configuration Management (V2)
   3. Knowledge Management
   4. Release & Deployment Management (V2)
   5. Service Validation & Testing
4. Service Operations
   – Functions
   1. Service Desk Management
   2. Technical Management
   3. IT Operations Management
   4. Applications Management
      – Processes
   5. Event Management
   6. Incident Management (V2)
   7. Problem Management (V2)
   8. Request Fulfillment
   9. Access Management
5. Continual Service Improvement Processes
   1. CSI Service Level Management
   2. Service Measurement & Reporting
   3. CSI Improvement Process

ITIL V3 processes have expanded to cover the complete service management lifecycle and are closely aligned with ISO 20000.  Similar to ITIL but integrating the process-based approach common to ISO standards, ISO 20000 is an international standard that describes best practices for IT service management.  ISO 20000 was published in December, 2005, and replaced ISO 15000.

While ITIL provides guidance to service companies, those companies cannot be ITIL-accredited; individuals may be certified as ITIL practitioners.  Companies may be accredited to ISO 20000, however, and while ISO 20000 does not require companies to use ITIL, company accreditation to the ISO standard is made far easier by implementing ITIL beforehand.