According to the anti-Sarbanes-Oxley crowd, SOX is a key factor behind the sorry state of the US economy. Today (Dec. 7, 2009), the US Supreme Court began to decide the constitutionality of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or SOX.

The Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case of “Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board”, a case considered by some the most important separation-of-powers case in some time.  The basic issue up for argument is whether the fact that the US President has no power to choose Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) members or exercise power over their operations renders SOX unconsitutional.

What’s behind the court challenge is, of course, money — or the lack of it. SOX compliance has reportedly driven up the cost of doing business for American public companies and, in turn, has affected small, private firms in a similar fashion. The cost of SOX has reportedly been much greater than anticipated; in the first three years of its existence, SOX cost US companies 25 times more than the $1.4 billion the SEC originally projected, according to Fox News.

SOX requires public companies to develop and implement effective systems of internal controls, as well as have full external audits conducted on an annual basis and require top management to attest that the numbers they report to shareholders are factual and have been verified.

It’s said that because of these and other requirements, SOX has acted as a barrier to expansion and access to capital, especially for domestic startups and growing companies.  Some companies considered moving their headquarters overseas or “going private” in response to SOX.  The number of US-based initial public offerings (IPOs) has dwindled in the last decade: In their best year this decade, the number of US IPOs was about 60% of the worst year in the 1990′s, according to one study.

Obviously, there are other factors at work here, but the Supreme Court is not considering any of them.  It is considering in the coming days if SOX runs counter to the US Constitution.

Should SOX be declared unconstitutional, it will not disappear right away.  Congress would have to rewrite the Act (and we do not look forward to this development, for the usual reasons).

What about you?  Regardless of where you’re headquartered, do you think SOX has generally been good or bad for business?  Is it a good idea that went awry in the execution?  Or, is it just a bad idea, period?  If it went away tomorrow, would that affect how you’re doing business?

I look forward to hearing from all of you.

Every company should document its accounting policies and procedures.  A well-designed and properly maintained system of accounting policies and procedures documentation enhances your accountability and consistency, while at the same time producing long-term savings from reduced duplication, rework, training, and increased focus, consistency, and productivity.

The resulting accounting policy and procedure documentation serves as a training tool for your accounting staff. Communication is essential to your internal control framework, and documented accounting policies and procedures are one of the best ways to communicate essential accounting information and make sure everyone in accounting is “on the same page”.  Well-designed accounting policies and procedures documentation promotes understanding between accounting and other departments.  Well-written accounting policies and procedures enhance your accounting audit process, as well.

There are several things you have to consider when documenting and maintaining accounting policies and procedures manuals:

1. Senior Management Support
   First and foremost, management commitment is the key to getting procedures used.  Your accounting policies and procedures program requires the backing and support of senior management.  Without top management’s express support, the proper control environment won’t exist and without that, compliance — with whatever regulation or standard (Sarbanes-Oxley, 8th EU Directive, ISO 9001, etc.) — will be extremely difficult to achieve.
2. Document the Actual Accounting Process
   You have to start with the current state of the accounting process, not the ideal state. You’ll confuse your employees if you document a future state, an aspirational process, or an improvement that isn’t currently in use.  Document the current state of your processes and train new employees on those procedures.  As you implement a given process, always look for ways to improve it.  Make changes to processes as needed, update the accounting procedures accordingly, and hold a training event on the updated procedures.
3. Employee Process Owners
   Are your accounting policies and procedures driving improvement and internal control ?  They will…IF you use your employees to drive the improvement process.  Put your employees in charge of documenting “their” processes.  After all, they know their jobs and they’re naturally in the best position to improve them.  Give your employees the necessary resources, focus them on the metrics for their job, then have them document their processes and train others.
4. Availability of Policies and Procedures
   Your documented accounting policies and procedures need to be available at the point of use, where they’re an integral part of the process. If they’re in another room, or if they’re not readily accessible on the employee’s computer, they won’t be used.  Out of sight is out of mind.
5. Define Employee Responsibilities
   Even the CFO has defined responsibilities, authorities, and metrics, contained in a job description.  Do all of your accounting employees have clearly defined metrics?  Do they know what’s expected of them each and every day?  Who has the authority to approve certain transactions?  Who is responsible for safekeeping assets and controlling records?  Your job descriptions should be more specific than “collects receivables”, for an example.  They should indicate how many transactions processed per day, or how to prioritize receivables in order of collections importance.  Job descriptions should also ensure that employees understand how their functions and responsibilities are integrated with other accounting processes.
6. Clearly Stated Purpose of Accounting Policy
   What’s the difference between policies and procedures? A policy is a guiding principle used to set the direction of an organization, while a procedure is a particular way of accomplishing something.  Your accounting procedures should explain the internal controls they utilize, in order to increase employee understanding of, support for, and proper usage of those controls.  You can address all accounting policies in the introduction of the accounting manual, or address specific policies at the beginning of each accounting procedure.
7. Periodic Policies Procedures Reviews and Updates
   Are your accounting procedures effective? Scheduled process-procedure reviews, integrated with your procedure writing standards (that include the “Seven Cs” to avoid procedure writing errors and your risk assessment framework), will help you identify deficiencies you need to address.
8. Utilize a Document Control Procedure to Approve Policies and Procedures
   “Document Control” is a procedure required by ISO 9001 because traceability and an improvement baseline for document changes are critical.  What if your accounting policies and procedures aren’t changing?  The world is not static — your accounting procedures shouldn’t be, either.  Remember, your competitors’ accounting procedures are changing.
9. Organize the Accounting Manual Structure
   A sample accounting manual structure should cover exclusions, the organization of the accounting department, the applicable accounting standards (GAAP, IFRS, etc.), your accounting cycles or processes, accounting transactions and timing, documentation standards, cost accounting methodologies, and statements of ethics or company restrictions or related party-transactions.
10. Create a User-Friendly Format
    Who are you writing procedures for? Accounting users, of course — but are they novices, occasional users, or frequent users?  Different users have different needs, but all users require an easy way to navigate through your accounting policies and procedures manual, or else they will not use it.  Use a table of contents, color-coded tabs, and index numbers for departments or sections.  Provide a detailed index in the back with cross references to related subjects, regulations, or standards.  Make your accounting policies and procedures manual easy to use and your users will use it.

Top Ten Things to Consider in Accounting Policies-Procedures Documentation

1. Senior management support
2. Document the actual accounting process
3. Employee process owners
4. Available policies and procedures
5. Define employee responsibilities
6. Clearly stated purpose of accounting policy
7. Periodic policies procedures reviews and updates
8. Utilize a document control procedure to approve policies and procedures
9. Organize the accounting manual structure
10. Create a user-friendly format

People often ask us, “What should be in our ‘Accounting Policies and Procedures’ manual?”, which naturally leads us to the next question, “What’s in your ‘CFO Accounting Policies and Procedures’ manuals?”  In other words, what specifically is contained in the manuals?  What accounting processes are covered when you order the five-manual Accounting Policies- Procedures bundle?

The CFO Accounting Policies and Procedures Manuals includes 239 prewritten accounting procedure templates and 373 forms organized within five functional business manuals.  All 612 files are in Microsoft Word format, so you can easily edit each file to suit your company’s particular needs. Topics are well-researched and are based on best practices, saving you countless time and enabling you to meet approaching deadlines fast.

Improve your accounting process with:

Accounting Revenue Cycle Procedures

There are many elements to the Revenue Cycle.  Key tasks include how orders are confirmed and entered, and how credit and collections are performed.  There are 13 accounting procedures that address this important accounting process:

1. Cash Drawers And Credit Cards
2. Cash Receipts And Deposits
3. Sales Order Entry
4. Point-Of-Sale Orders
5. Customer Credit Approval And Terms
6. Sales Order Acceptance
7. Invoicing And Accounts Receivable
8. Wire Transfers
9. Problem Checks
10. Sales Tax Collection
11. Progress Billing
12. Account Collections
13. Customer Returns

Accounting Cash Disbursement Cycle Procedures

The Cash Disbursement cycle deals with controlling expenses, confirming expenditures, and ensuring effectiveness of purchases.  There are 12 procedures in the CFO Accounting Policies and Procedures set that address cash disbursement:

1. Check Signing Authority
2. Check Requests
3. Vendor Selection
   

   Vendor Selection Procedure

4. IT Vendor Selection
5. IT Outsourcing
6. General Purchasing
7. Project Purchasing
8. Receiving And Inspection
9. Shipping And Freight Claims
10. Accounts Payable And Cash Disbursements
11. Travel And Entertainment
12. Controlling Legal Costs

Accounting Production Cycle Procedures

The Production Cycle includes processes like how orders are shipped, how freight claims are processed, and how production documents are controlled.   There are 3 production cycle procedures available in the CFO Accounting set.  (Note: additional production cycle procedures are found in the ISO 9001 Quality manual, which is part of the CEO Company Policies and Procedures set of manuals).

1. Shipment of Goods
2. Shipping And Freight Claims
3. Document Control

Accounting Asset Cycle Procedures

The Asset Cycle includes inventory, asset management, and asset acqusition processes.  There are 10 procedures in the CFO Accounting set that address important parts of this key accounting cycle:

1. Inventory Control
2. Inventory Counts
3. Fixed Asset Control
4. Customer Property
5. Asset Acquisition
6. Inventory Management
7. IT Asset Standards
8. IT Asset Management
9. IT Asset Assessment
10. IT Asset Installation Satisfaction

Accounting Audit Cycle Procedures

The Audit Cycle encompasses internal and external (third-party) auditing procedures, as well as performing corrective actions in response to qualified audit opinions.   There are 3 accounting procedures that address this important check step in the accounting process:

1. External Auditing
2. Internal Auditing
3. Corrective Action

Accounting Finance Cycle Procedures

The Finance Cycle includes such processes as raising debt and equity capital, working with leases, mechant accounts, and foreign exchange.  There are 12 accounting procedures in the CFO series that address key elements of the finance cycle:

1. Capital Plan
2. Valuation
3. Bank Loans
4. Stock Offerings
5. Debt and Investment
6. Leasing Procedure
7. Working Capital
8. Cash Management
9. Foreign Exchange Management
10. Managing Bank Relationships
11. Merchant Accounts
12. Letters of Credit

Financial Reporting Cycle Procedures

The Financial Reporting Cycle contains 18 accounting procedures for management reports, stockholder reports, and financial statement reporting.  All companies have financial reporting obligations to their shareholders, investors, and regulators, making this a key accounting cycle:

1. Chart of Accounts
2. Bank Account Reconciliations
3. Management Reports
4. Period-End Review & Closing
5. Taxes And Insurance
6. Property Tax Assessments
7. Confidential Information Release
8. Files And Records Management
9. Fixed Asset Capitalization & Depreciation
10. Annual Stockholders’ Meetings
11. Board of Directors’ Meetings
12. Financial Forecasting
13. Financial Reporting
14. Financial Statement Analysis
15. Financial Management Review
16. Financial Restatements
17. Financial Information Release
18. Related Party Transactions

Strategic Planning Cycle Procedures

The Strategic Planning Cycle addresses management responsibilities, various forms of risk assessment, continuity, and compliance.  There are 13 accounting procedures in the CFO Accounting Policies-Procedures set of manuals that support this accounting cycle:

1. Business Plan
2. Risk Assessment
3. Risk Management
4. Financial Objectives
5. Management Responsibility
6. Continuity Planning
7. Document Control
8. Record Control
9. IT Threat And Risk Assessment
10. IT Security Plan
11. IT Disaster Recovery
12. Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance
13. SAS 70 Compliance

Accounting Payroll Cycle Procedures

The Payroll Cycle addresses benefits, compliance, and employee performance appraisals.  There are 9 accounting procedures available to you that are included in the Payroll cycle:

1. Payroll
2. Paid and Unpaid Leave
3. Insurance Benefits
4. Healthcare Benefits
5. Compliance Posting Requirements
6. Employee Performance Appraisals
7. Employee Retirement Income Security (ERISA)
8. Consolidated Budget Reconciliation (COBRA)
9. Family and Medical Leave (FMLA)

Information Integrity Cycle Procedures

The Information Integrity Cycle is a key part of the accounting-IT interaction.  Key procedures in this cycle include computer and Internat usage, IT access control, IT management, and IT incident handling.  There are 9 accounting procedures addressing this important accounting cycle:

1. E-Mail Policy
2. Computer and Internet Usage Policy
3. Information Technology Management
4. IT Records Management
5. IT Document Management
6. Computer Malware
7. IT Access Control
8. IT Security Audits
9. IT Incident Handling

CFO Accounting Policies Procedures Manuals

In all, there are over 200 prewritten accounting procedures and nearly 400 accounting forms organized within the five functional business manuals of the CFO Accounting Policies and Procedures Manuals series.  Each procedure and form is available in Microsoft Word, so they can be customized to reflect the accounting processes at your company.

When you think of accounting, do you think of accounts receivable, accounts payable, revenue recognition, and depreciation?  What about banking, cash flow, and financial statements?  Or tax accounting, costing, compliance, assets, and auditing?

The term “accounting” encompasses an enormous wealth of information, much more than the traditional “dollars and cents” we all think of.  It includes areas ranging from human resources (payroll, benefits, etc.) to computer information integrity.  So, since procedures on counting income and expenses are only a part of what makes up accounting, what do you include when you are designing an accounting policies and procedures manual?

The accounting area can be broken down into ten core cycles — these cycles make up the accounting body of knowledge.  Each cycle focuses on a key element of business accounting and, therefore, should be covered in your company’s business accounting policies and procedures manual.

1. Revenue Cycle Procedures

The first — and what business owners would consider the most important — business process is the revenue or sales cycle. Revenue is the lifeblood of any business. Once sales has obtained an order, the order must be “booked” into the accounting system, triggering your credit, fulfillment, and accounts receivable (or collections) processes. Example procedures for the revenue cycle can be found in the Bizmanualz Accounting Policies and Procedures Manual.

2. Cash Disbursement Cycle Procedures

The second most important cycle deals with how you manage your cash expenses. We’re talking about your purchasing, receiving, accounts payable, and administrative expense processes. Once you receive cash from your customers (revenue cycle), you must spend less than you receive to maintain a positive cash flow and stay in business. Sample cash disbursement cycle procedures can also be found in the Bizmanualz Accounting Policies and Procedures Manual.

3. Production Cycle Procedures

With the two key accounting cycles (making money and spending it) covered, the remainder of your accounting manual is devoted to accounting support processes. The production cycle is the most critical to your business — if you don’t have a product or service to sell, the first two cycles are immaterial, aren’t they?

The production cycle introduces issues such as managing raw materials, Work In Process (WIP), finished goods inventory, product release, and shipping. Example procedures for the production cycle can be found in the Bizmanualz Accounting Policies and Procedures Manual.

4. Financial Reporting Cycle Procedures

In the first three cycles, you took orders, purchased materials, made products and/or services, delivered products, billed customers, and now you must report your results. The financial reporting cycle includes budgeting and forecasting what you might need, reporting what you sold, financial analysis (to see if you’re making a profit, to spot trends, etc.), and management reviews with key stakeholders (the Board of Directors, your shareholders, government agencies, etc.) to discuss how well the plan is going.

Example of procedures for the financial reporting cycle can be found in the Bizmanualz Financial Policies and Procedures Manual. Notice we’ve switched manuals, going into the financial area of accounting.

5. Finance Cycle Procedures

The finance cycle is about raising capital and managing the capital you have. You might need debt or equity capital to finance your business. Either way, you’ll need a process to acquire and manage that cash.  And, if you have a lot of cash moving through your business, you’ll need some form of treasury management (i.e., how to invest or “park” your cash). Sample procedures for the finance cycle are in the Bizmanualz Financial Policies and Procedures Manual.

6. Asset Cycle Procedures

What business does not have assets?  If you have one or more computers, production machinery, or office furniture, you have assets. Your assets require processes for depreciation, inventory management, asset acquisition and asset disposition or disposal.

Since there are laws and standards (e.g., IRS, IFRS, GAAP) that must be observed, it is important that you have asset cycle processes. Example procedures for asset cycle processes are in the Bizmanualz Accounting Policies and Procedures Manual.

7. Internal Audit Cycle Procedures

Publicly traded companies and businesses with significant debt or equity require internal auditing. Your internal audit process consists of audit planning, conducting the audit, audit reporting, and audit follow-up. Sample procedures for the internal audit cycle are in the Bizmanualz Financial Policies and Procedures Manual.

8. Strategic Planning Cycle Procedures

If you have cash, assets, compliance, and stakeholders of any kind, you need a strategic planning process. Business planning is just that — a planning process necessitating a business plan.  The company business plan takes into account how to prepare for compliance (with SOX, SAS 70, etc.), standards and guidelines (e.g., GAAP, IFRS), and Board and stockholders’ meetings. Examples of procedures for the strategic planning cycle are in the Bizmanualz Financial Policies and Procedures Manual.

9. Payroll Cycle Procedures

The payroll process focuses on administrating compensation, benefits, and personnel compliance.  How do you comply with an alphabet soup of government acts (including EEO, FMLA, FLSA, EPPA, OSHA, ADA, ERISA, FICA, FUTA, IRCA, ADEA, HIPAA, IRS, WARN, and others)?

This may not sound like traditional accounting, but the accounting department is involved with compliance by virtue of its role as the financial gatekeeper and financial reporting contact. Samples of procedures for the payroll cycle are in the Bizmanualz Human Resources Policies and Procedures Manual.

10. Information Integrity Cycle Procedures

Today, all accounting transactions are performed on computers, across networks, and using IT assets.  Information integrity — specifically, security, timeliness, and accuracy — is critical to accounting, and to the business. Now it may not be accounting’s primary job to manage all IT assets, but accounting cannot shy away from its duty to ensure the integrity of computer and IT management, IT security, IT disaster recovery, and IT internal controls. Samples of procedures for the information integrity cycle are in the Bizmanualz Computer and IT Policies and Procedures Manual.

Sarbanes Oxley Compliance Cycle

Since the late 1990′s, there has been an increased focus on effective internal controls, adding, in effect, a new requirement — or 11^th cycle — Sarbanes-Oxley (or SOX) compliance.  The SOX cycle is about compliance planning, understanding your audit responsibilities, and demonstrating the effectiveness of your firm’s internal controls with respect to accounting. Example procedures for The Sarbanes Oxley compliance cycle are in the Bizmanualz Financial Policies and Procedures Manual.

There you have it!  Ten core accounting policies and procedures areas — plus Sarbanes-Oxley — that you should include in your accounting procedures manual.

We mentioned four key Bizmanualz products: Accounting; Finance; Human Resources; and Computer & IT. If you purchased these separately, they’d cost $2,280…but all of these accounting cycles and their associated procedures are included in the CFO Accounting Procedures Series for only $1,995!  Plus, you receive the Bizmanualz Business Policies and Procedures Manual for free when you purchase the bundle!  The Business Procedures Manual includes 111 additional business procedures for many general business areas.

Accounting Processes Policies Procedures

To truly implement a complete business accounting policies and procedures manual, you will need to include topics from Accounting, Finance, Human Resources, and Computer & IT  areas of the Bizmanualz product line.  Fortunately, you can obtain all four manuals and save 33% in one easy bundle – the CFO Accounting Procedures Series. It covers all ten areas of accounting plus the Sarbanes Oxley compliance process and — as an added bonus — you receive the Business Procedures Manual at no additional cost!  Try a free sample download.  Judge for yourself.

The Top Ten Accounting Policies and Procedures

1. Revenue Cycle
2. Cash Disbursement Cycle
3. Production Cycle
4. Financial Reporting Cycle
5. Finance Cycle
6. Asset Cycle
7. Internal Audit Cycle
8. Strategic Planning Cycle
9. Payroll Cycle
10. Information Integrity Cycle
    PLUS (for public companies) Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance Cycle